Wednesday, February 29, 2012

TALES FROM THE ROCK- Ancient Stories Written In Stone


grinding holes near tyson wash petroglyphs
As anyone who has spent time out here in the desert knows, the Sonoran desert can be a harsh and unforgiving environment.   We, with our modern conveniences and inventions, have managed to make life here much more comfortable than it used to be.   If we need food, we go to the grocery store.  If we need fuel we go to the RV place and fill up our propane tanks.  If we need water, we pump it in, or load up our tanks onto our motorized vehicles and drive to a place where we turn on a spigot and clean water flows out.  In the harsh cold, we turn on a furnace.  In the heat of the day, we turn on our air conditioners. 

Many times I have heard people say that they would never be able to live here in the desert if it wasn’t for those modern conveniences.   It seems as though we forget that people have lived here for thousands of years without those things.   Here in Arizona the Hopi, the Navajo, the Havasupai, the Yavapai, the Yuma peoples, and the ancestral Anasazi, thrived in this harsh, yet beautiful land.  

tyson wash petroglyphs
We are fortunate to have many places here in the Quartzsite area where we can contemplate the ancient way of life here in the desert.  The two closest ones are Dripping Springs and the site along the east side of Tyson Wash between the La Paz and the Tyson Wash BLM camping areas.   Farther away, but well worth the trip, is Grapevine Canyon in Nevada, just north of Laughlin in the Lake Mead Recreation Area.  This site is spectacular, with thousands of petroglyphs lining a gorgeous canyon.  When visiting these ancient sites I frequently overhear the conversations of other visitors.   Quite often, people will walk up to a site, take a few quick photographs, and say, “I wonder what that means.”  Or “I wonder why that is here, in the middle of nowhere”.  Then they check it off their list and head off to the next thing on their agenda, never giving it a second thought. 

At the Tyson Wash site there are two panels of petroglyphs and an area with grinding holes across the wash on a rock outcrop.  At the base of the rock with the main petroglyph panel is a water hole that goes deep into the water table at the base of the rock.  When there was no other water to be found, there was water here and plenty of it.    The other panel, on the south side of the outcropping is located above a small cave.  Because of the water at this site, there is an abundance of vegetation and trees, as well as birds, and other wildlife. 

petroglyphs at dripping springs
At Dripping Springs, on a 100 degree day, water was flowing out of the rock and accumulating in a small pool. The area was well shaded and full of trees and shrubs.  The temperature around the spring was at least 20 degrees cooler than the desert just 50 yards away.   In Grapevine Canyon, there is a stream with a waterfall, a small cave, and stands of wild grapes where the glyphs are located. 

To best understand these sites when visiting them, find a place to sit for awhile and contemplate the environment.  Imagine yourself traveling across this hot, dry, windy, and dusty desert landscape, looking for a place that has what you need to survive…food, water, shelter.   Now look carefully at this place.  Look around, away from this site, out into the desert and notice the difference.   Think about the importance of this place to your survival.  There is water here, the sustainer of all life.  There is shelter here, in the trees and the rocks.  There is food here, because the animals and plants need this water to survive also.  During the heat of the day the tall trees provide shade, at night they offer warmth by giving fuel for a fire.  There is rest here, and comfortable places to work.  Maybe new tools need to be made, or food needs to be prepared.  This is a sacred place, a place of survival, a refuge from the harsh and life-threatening desert conditions.  

petroglyphs at grapevine canyon
Now look at the glyphs.  Use your imagination.  What do they say to you?  What would they say to another like you, also searching for the same things.  Think about traveling a long distance on a highway .  You are tired and hungry, it’s getting late, and the fuel gauge is close to empty.   You look for a place to find food for your body, gas for your car, and a comfortable and safe place to sleep.  There is still a long stretch of road ahead of you.  Suddenly, a sign comes into view.  Rest Stop. “Food, fuel, lodging, next exit”, it says, and you breathe a sigh of relief.  

Look at the petroglyphs again.  Now what do they say to you?   Be still and contemplate quietly.  Imagine yourself here in the desert 1000 years ago.  No Pilot Travel Center just off the Interstate, no restaurants or grocery stores.   No RV in which to weather the storms.    But people thrived here for centuries.   The ancient ones who lived off the land called this desert their home long before modern technology made life in the desert leisurely.   They passed on their knowledge of how to survive in their desert home by drawing signs, glyphs, on the rocks, saying “Food, fuel, shelter, here”.  “This is a good place to live in the desert”.  

pottery shards and tools at homolovi
Look for other signs of ancient life here in the desert.  What other things have been left behind?   Grinding holes where food was ground from seeds and berries into dough?  Campfire remnants?  Stone tools?  What about nature’s treasures, like petrified wood or fossils?  What treasures do these ancient sites hold that, we, in our hurry to check them off our list, have missed?

As we live here in the desert, comfortable and secure with our modern conveniences, it is easy to forget that life here was not always so carefree.  These ancient sites that we visit and photograph are so much more than simple pictures drawn by primitive people.  They are tales from the rocks, stories of ancient generations and their way of life here in the desert.  They are stories of hope and survival, success and failure, death and life, love and war, prayers and thanksgiving.  Hidden in them are dreams, goals, fears, and desires, reaching through time waiting to speak to future generations.   Let the desert, the mountains, and the stories in the rocks speak.  They have much to say if we would just sit quietly for awhile, open up our imagination, look and listen.  

For more information about petroglyphs visit Rocks In My Head at Space A37 in Rice Ranch, 605-376-8754, or online at www.RocksInMyHead.biz.    We have a great selection of artifact points, Anasazi pottery shards, as well as petrified wood in stock.  

Creative Commons License
Tales From the Rock by Jenn Jedidiah Free & RocksInMyHead is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Based on a work at http://jedidiahfree.blogspot.com.



             







  

Thursday, February 2, 2012

Singing The Blues: Turquoise vs. Chrysacolla


Turquoise in the host rock at the Sleeping Beauty Mine.







Arizona is famous for its Turquoise.   Sleeping Beauty, Kingman, and the famous Bisbee Blue are some of the more familiar names.  Another beautiful mineral found here is Chrysacolla, which is often mistaken for Turquoise because of its color.  While both Turquoise and Chrysacolla, having similar hardness of 2.2 to 2.8 on the Moh’s scale, are associated with copper and are by-products of copper mining, the similarities stop there.  

In technical terms, Chrysacolla is a hydrous copper silicate which occurs in the oxidation zones of copper deposits.  Basically, that means it is ore containing copper and silica that has been altered to the mineral Chrysacolla through contact with air and water.   Chrysacolla is a rather common mineral here in our copper-rich region of Arizona and is found in association with Azurite, Malachite, and Cuprite.  It is a surface mineral, which makes it an important indicator of copper deposits.  

Turquoise Mine
Turquoise, on the other hand, is a hydrated copper aluminum phosphate.  It is a secondary mineral caused by alteration in arid environments of aluminum bearing rocks rich in Apatite, Chalcopyrite, and Chalcedony.  Sulfides are also present in Turquoise deposits here in Arizona.  In other words, while Turquoise is associated with copper deposits, it also needs the presence of aluminum and phosphate in order to form.  Because of this special recipe, Turquoise is not as common as Chrysacolla.   Turquoise is typically formed as fissure fillings underground at a depth of about 60 feet, where it is found as veins or nuggets in the surrounding rock. 

Turquoise Vein
Vein Turquoise forms as a solution filling cracks, called fissures, in the host rock.  Most vein Turquoise is clear, or free of matrix, however, some vein Turquoise does contain matrix.   Nugget Turquoise is formed as the Turquoise collects in small pockets and holes within clay-filled fissures.   Commonly, nuggets will have a thin, evenly-spaced “spider-web” type matrix, though occasionally nuggets will be clear of matrix.  The color of the matrix is determined by the host rock in which the Turquoise formed.  Matrix can be reddish or rust-colored, brown, black, golden colored, or even silvery-gray- for example, brown or reddish matrix is the result of iron oxides in the rock.

The colors of the Turquoise itself also vary greatly and are determined in part by minerals present in the host rock, and can often vary even within the same mine.  Excess amounts of copper produce the blue color, while iron produces a Turquoise more in the green range.   An excess of aluminum tips the scales toward a green to greenish-white color, and zinc yields a yellow-green.  Most Turquoise mined in Arizona is in the blue range because of the abundance of copper here.  Nevada produces many fine examples of green and yellow-green Turquoise. 

In North America, Turquoise is found in Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, and Central Mexico.  The California and New Mexico deposits were mined by Native Americans as far back as Pre-Columbian times.  Today, Arizona is one of the most important producers of Turquoise, followed by Nevada.  While many of the Turquoise mines, like Bisbee, are inactive or depleted, the famous Sleeping Beauty and Kingman mines, as well as a few others, are still active.



For more information about Turquoise, including mines and rockhounding sites, visit Rocks In My Head at Space A37 in Rice Ranch, 605-376-8754, or online at RocksInMyHead.  We have Turquoise from the Sleeping Beauty Mine in Globe, AZ and the Carico Lake Mine in Nevada.  We also have Chrysacolla, Azurite and Chrysacolla Silicate cabochons, and really cool copper nuggets.  Go to RocksInMyHead website!

Creative Commons License
Singing the Blues Turquoise Vs. Chrysacolla by Jenn Jedidiah Free & RocksInMyHead is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Based on a work at http://jedidiahfree.blogspot.com.

Turquoise of Arizona

Bisbee Turquoise
The Bisbee mine "the Lavender Pit", near Bisbee, Arizona, is one of the more famous of the American mines because Bisbee turquoise (also known as "Bisbee Blue" registered name) was one of the first put onto the market. The turquoise mine is part of the Bisbee copper mine (The Copper Queen), the main operation of the site. Bisbee turquoise has developed a reputation as a hard, finely webbed or dendrite, high blue stone, known for its "chocolate brown" matrix. Bisbee Turquoise also comes in a beautiful dark green color. Most of this turquoise has already been mined and what is left is in limbo due to circumstances with the copper mining in the open pit, it is one of the most highly collected stones. Most jewelry being made with this stone today is being made via the orders of the current owners of the mine, the rest is found through old "stashes" or collections that have been obtained.





Castle Dome
Most of Arizona’s turquoise mines are actually large open pit copper mines that the turquoise deposits are leased .The company or person with the lease is called in to mine the turquoise when they hit a pocket of it as they are copper mining. This is a mine that was very active back in the 1970’s





Ithaca Peak
The Ithaca Peak mine is located in northwestern Arizona above the Kingman mine. The Ithaca Peak mine is famous for its beautiful blue with pyrite matrix. This material is outstanding. It is owned and operated by the Colbaugh's. It is fairly rare     to get good Ithaca Peak as main production is focused on Turquoise Mountain. When you do get good Ithaca Peak it is very pricey!



Kingman
The Kingman mine in northwestern Arizona was one of the largest turquoise mines in North America. The terms "Kingman" or "high blue" refer to the blue color usually displayed in this stone. It has become a color standard in the industry. The mine became famous for its rounded, bright blue nuggets with black matrix. Few turquoise mines produced nuggets, especially of this quality. Old natural Kingman Turquoise is rare. The Colbaugh's own this mine and the Turquoise Mountain mine, their company name is Colbough Processing. They have recently gone back into the section of the Kingman mine and are digging and bringing our some new Natural Kingman Turquoise.






Morenci
Morenci Turquoise is mined in southeastern Arizona. It is high to light blue in color. Morenci has an unusual matrix of irregular black pyrite that, when polished, often looks like silver. Morenci turquoise is well known because it was one of the first American turquoises to come on the market. It is very difficult to obtain now because the mine is depleted. It is a collectible turquoise.



Sleeping Beauty
The Sleeping Beauty mine is located near Globe, Arizona. Its turquoise is noted for its solid, light blue color with no matrix. Sleeping Beauty turquoise is the favorite of the Zuni Pueblo silversmiths for use in petit point, needlepoint, and inlay jewelry. This mine is one of the largest in North America and is still operating.


Turquoise Mountain and "Birdseye" 
Turquoise Mountain and "Birdseye" turquoise come from the same mine in northwestern Arizona near the Kingman mine. The mine was closed in the 1980s. It is light to high blue, with both webbed and non-webbed matrix. "Birdseye" describes stones from this mine that show areas of light blue circled with dark blue matrix, resembling the eye of a bird. It is a beautiful addition to one's collection.



Beautiful Turquoise from Rocks In My Head

Sterling Silver, Copper, and Turquoise
Tie or Lapel Clip
by Soaring Eagle Designs
$95.00





Kingman Turquoise Cab from RocksInMy Head
$15.00


Kingman Turquoise Cab from RocksInMyHead
with ridge for setting.
$45.00

Turquoise Earrings
$10.00



Treatments for Turquoise

Stabilized Turquoise 
Stablized turquoise has been treated with epoxies or acrylic resins. The chemicals are infused into the turquoise by soaking the material for a long period of time, or by subjecting it to pressure. When stabilized turquoise is cut, there is often a plastic smell.

Enhanced Turquoise (Zachary Process) 
Enhanced turquoise has been treated with chemicals, then heated. The heating process eliminates any residual chemicals in the turquoise. Therefore, it is difficult to tell the difference between enhanced turquoise and natural, untreated turquoise. Unlike natural turquoise, enhanced turquoise usually does not turn green over time.

Natural Processed Turquoise
The Natural Process is a new and exciting enhancement process for turquoise. Natural Processed turquoise has been treated with completely non-toxic chemicals. This process improves the polish and color of turquoise rough, without any dyes or nasty chemicals. If Natural Process turquiose is soaked in water for 24 hours, it is impossible to detect the difference between it and natural, untreated turquoise. Natural Processed turquoise is therefore the least invasive and highest grade of treatment available for turquiose. Unlike natural turquoise, Natural Processed turquoise will not turn green over time.

Reconstituted Turquoise 
Reconstituted turquoise is natural, or previously stabilized material that has been pulverized into a powder, soaked in binders and then pressed back into a solid block. Reconstituted turquoise cuts easier than stabilized material, but has a lower value. Lapis, coral and other semi-precious gems can also be reconstituted.

Block Turquoise 
Block turquoise is not turquoise. Instead, it is a simulant made from plastic, ceramic, or other material. Other semi-precious stones, such as malachite, lapis, charoite, etc. are simulated with block materials.